1 Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam began Abijah to reign over Judah.

He reigned three years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam.

And Abijah set the battle in array with an army of valiant men of war, even four hundred thousand chosen men: Jeroboam also set the battle in array against him with eight hundred thousand chosen men, being mighty men of valour.

And Abijah stood up upon mount Zemaraim, which is in mount Ephraim, and said, Hear me, thou Jeroboam, and all Israel;

Ought ye not to know that the Lord God of Israel gave the kingdom over Israel to David for ever, even to him and to his sons by a covenant of salt?

Yet Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the servant of Solomon the son of David, is risen up, and hath rebelled against his lord.

And there are gathered unto him vain men, the children of Belial, and have strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was young and tenderhearted, and could not withstand them.

And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the Lord in the hand of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with your golden calves, which Jeroboam made you for gods.

Have ye not cast out the priests of the Lord, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and have made you priests after the manner of the nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them that are no gods.

10 But as for us, the Lord is our God, and we have not forsaken him; and the priests, which minister unto the Lord, are the sons of Aaron, and the Levites wait upon their business:

11 And they burn unto the Lord every morning and every evening burnt sacrifices and sweet incense: the shewbread also set they in order upon the pure table; and the candlestick of gold with the lamps thereof, to burn every evening: for we keep the charge of the Lord our God; but ye have forsaken him.

12 And, behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his priests with sounding trumpets to cry alarm against you. O children of Israel, fight ye not against the Lord God of your fathers; for ye shall not prosper.

13 But Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about behind them: so they were before Judah, and the ambushment was behind them.

14 And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle was before and behind: and they cried unto the Lord, and the priests sounded with the trumpets.

15 Then the men of Judah gave a shout: and as the men of Judah shouted, it came to pass, that God smote Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah.

16 And the children of Israel fled before Judah: and God delivered them into their hand.

17 And Abijah and his people slew them with a great slaughter: so there fell down slain of Israel five hundred thousand chosen men.

18 Thus the children of Israel were brought under at that time, and the children of Judah prevailed, because they relied upon the Lord God of their fathers.

19 And Abijah pursued after Jeroboam, and took cities from him, Bethel with the towns thereof, and Jeshanah with the towns thereof, and Ephraim with the towns thereof.

20 Neither did Jeroboam recover strength again in the days of Abijah: and the Lord struck him, and he died.

21 But Abijah waxed mighty, and married fourteen wives, and begat twenty and two sons, and sixteen daughters.

22 And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways, and his sayings, are written in the story of the prophet Iddo.

Commentary

Verse 1

McArther Bible Commentary
In the succession of Judah's kings, the reign of Abijah/Abijam is next (c. 913-911 B.C.; cf. 1Ki 15:1-8). The disobedient nature of Abijah's reign is mentioned in 1Ki 15:3, as is his faithless treaty with Syria (2Ch 16:3).
Bible Cross References
1 Kings 15:1 1 Kings 15:2

Verse 2

Bible Cross References
1 Kings 14:19 1 Kings 15:2 1 Kings 15:7 2 Chronicles 11:20 2 Chronicles 13:3

Verse 3

McArther Bible Commentary
See notes on 1Ki 15:1-8. These numbers are large, but not surprising, given the immense number of capable men who could fight, as counted in David's census (cf. 1Ch 21:5). Both armies were set for civil war.
Bible Cross References
1 Kings 15:7 2 Chronicles 13:2 2 Chronicles 13:4 2 Chronicles 14:8

Verse 4

McArther Bible Commentary
Mount Zemaraim. The exact location is unknown, but it is likely near Bethel (Jos 18:22) inside Israel's territory.
Bible Cross References
Joshua 18:22 2 Chronicles 13:3

Verse 5

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Of salt - By a perpetual covenant.
McArther Bible Commentary
covenant of salt. Salt is associated elsewhere with the Mosaic covenant sacrifices (Lev 2:13), the priestly covenant (Num 18:19), and the new covenant symbolic sacrifices in the millennial kingdom (Eze 43:24). The preservative quality of salt represents the fidelity or loyalty intended in keeping the covenant. Here, it would refer to God's irrevocable pledge and intended loyalty in fulfilling the Davidic covenant and God's desire for the loyalty of David's lineage to Him if the people are to enjoy the blessings of the covenant.
Bible Cross References
Leviticus 2:13 Numbers 18:19 2 Samuel 7:12

Verse 6

McArther Bible Commentary
For the story of Jeroboam, read 1Ki 11:26-40 and chapter 10. He was the first king of the northern kingdom, Israel.
Bible Cross References
1 Kings 11:26 2 Kings 18:7

Verse 7

McArther Bible Commentary
young. He was forty-one (cf. 2Ch 12:13).
Bible Cross References
2 Samuel 3:39 2 Chronicles 12:13

Verse 8

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Golden calves - There is that among you which may damp your confidence: you worship those images which God abhors.
McArther Bible Commentary
kingdom of the Lord. Abijah reminds all that the Davidic covenant is God's expressed will concerning who would rule on His behalf in the earthly kingdom. Thus, Judah is God's nation, since the king is in the line of David. gold calves. Cf. 2Ch 11:15; 1Ki 12:25-33. Israel was full of idols and false priests, having driven out all the Levitical priests and, with them, the true worship of God.
Bible Cross References
1 Kings 12:28 2 Chronicles 11:15

Verse 9

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Consecrate - To make himself a priest.
Bible Cross References
Galatians 4:8 Exodus 29:29 1 Kings 12:31 2 Chronicles 11:14 2 Chronicles 11:15 2 Chronicles 13:10 2 Chronicles 29:31 Jeremiah 2:11 Jeremiah 5:7

Verse 10

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
The Lord - Heb. Jehovah, the only true God. We - Maintain his worship which you have rejected.
McArther Bible Commentary
Abijah confessed a national commitment to pure worship and thus confidence in God's favor in battle.
Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 13:9 2 Chronicles 13:11

Verse 11

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Pure table - Made of pure gold, (Exodus 25:23-24) , he saith table and candlestick, though there were ten of each, because ordinarily there was but one of each used at a time for those uses. We keep - Perhaps he flattered himself, that his keeping up the external worship of God would make satisfaction for the errors of his life.
Bible Cross References
Exodus 25:30 Exodus 27:21 Exodus 29:38 Leviticus 24:5 2 Chronicles 2:4 2 Chronicles 13:10

Verse 12

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Trumpets - Upon the sounding whereof God hath solemnly promised to assist his people, (Numbers 10:9) . The Lord - You have not only us for your enemies, but God, even the God whom your fathers served. It is folly to fight against the God of almighty power: but it is treachery and base ingratitude, to fight against your father's God.
Bible Cross References
Numbers 10:8 Numbers 10:9 Job 9:4 Psalm 46:7

Verse 13

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Jeroboam - While Abijah was discoursing, Jeroboam takes the advantage of it to lay an ambush. It does not appear that he made any answer to all that Abijah said. The longest sword he thinks will determine the matter, not the better cause.
Bible Cross References
Joshua 8:4 2 Chronicles 20:22

Verse 14

Bible Cross References
Joshua 6:16 2 Chronicles 14:11 2 Chronicles 18:31

Verse 15

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Gave a shout - It is unspeakable comfort, that no stratagem or ambush can cut off our communication with heaven. To the cry of prayer they added the shout of faith, and so became more than conquerors.
McArther Bible Commentary
God struck Jeroboam and all Israel. At the time of certain defeat, with 400,000 troops behind and the same number in front, Judah was saved by divine intervention. What God did is unknown, but the army of Israel began to flee (2Ch 13:16), and the soldiers of Judah massacred 500,000 of them in an unimaginable blood bath (2Ch 13:17).
Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 14:12 2 Chronicles 18:31

Verse 16

Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 13:17 2 Chronicles 16:8

Verse 17

McArther Bible Commentary
Before the battle, Jeroboam outnumbered Abijah two to one (2Ch 13:3). After the fray, in which the Lord intervened on behalf of Judah, Abijah outnumbered Jeroboam four to three.
Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 13:16 2 Chronicles 13:18

Verse 18

Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 13:17 2 Chronicles 13:19 2 Chronicles 14:11 2 Chronicles 16:8

Verse 19

McArther Bible Commentary
Bethel. A city located twelve miles north of Jerusalem. Although their exact locations are unknown, Jeshanah and Ephron are believed to be in the vicinity of Bethel.
Bible Cross References
John 11:54 2 Chronicles 13:18 2 Chronicles 13:20 2 Chronicles 15:8

Verse 20

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
The Lord struck him - He escaped the sword of Abijah: but God struck him: there is no escaping his sword.
McArther Bible Commentary
he died. Again God acted, in a manner not described, to end the life of this wicked ruler (c. 910 B.C.).
Bible Cross References
1 Samuel 25:38 1 Kings 14:20 2 Chronicles 13:19 2 Chronicles 13:21

Verse 21

John Wesley's Bible Commentary
Married - Not after this victory, for he died presently after it, but in the whole time of his life.
Bible Cross References
1 Kings 15:7 2 Chronicles 13:20 2 Chronicles 13:22

Verse 22

Bible Cross References
2 Chronicles 9:29 2 Chronicles 13:21 2 Chronicles 24:27